not в Python: Объяснение логического оператора NOT

Оператор not в Python — это унарный логический оператор, который инвертирует логическое значение своего операнда. Он возвращает True, если операнд оценивается как False, и возвращает False, если операнд оценивается как True. В отличие от операторов and и or, которым требуются два операнда, not работает с одним операндом и записывается как английское слово "not".

Базовая синтаксис оператора NOT

Оператор not — это унарный оператор, который принимает один операнд и инвертирует его логическое значение.

condition1 or condition2

Оператор not возвращает True, если операнд False, и возвращает False, если операнд True.

Пример 1: Базовая операция NOT

bool1 = 2 > 3  # False
bool2 = 2 < 3  # True

result = bool1 or bool2
print(result)

False
True
False
True

Example 2: Both False

bool1 = 2 > 3  # False
bool2 = 5 > 10  # False

result = bool1 or bool2
print(result)

False

When both conditions are False, the or operator returns False.

Таблица истинности для оператора NOT

Понимание того, как работает оператор not, необходимо для написания отрицательных условий.

Оператор not отрицает логическое значение, превращая True в False и наоборот.

Example: All Truth Table Cases

# Case 1: True or True = True
if True or True:
    print("Case 1: True")  # This executes

# Case 2: True or False = True
if True or False:
    print("Case 2: True")  # This executes

# Case 3: False or True = True
if False or True:
    print("Case 3: True")  # This executes

# Case 4: False or False = False
if False or False:
    print("Case 4: True")
else:
    print("Case 4: False")  # This executes

Case 1: True
Case 2: True
Case 3: True
Case 4: False

Combining Multiple Conditions

The and operator is commonly used to combine multiple comparison operations in conditional statements.

Example 1: Age and License Check

age = 25
has_license = True

if age >= 18 and has_license:
    print("You can drive")
else:
    print("You cannot drive")

You can drive

Example 2: Number Range Check

number = 15

if number > 10 and number < 20:
    print(f"{number} is between 10 and 20")

15 is between 10 and 20

Example 3: Multiple Conditions

a = 10
b = 10
c = -10

if a > 0 and b > 0:
    print("The numbers are greater than 0")

if a > 0 and b > 0 and c > 0:
    print("All numbers are greater than 0")
else:
    print("At least one number is not greater than 0")

The numbers are greater than 0
At least one number is not greater than 0

This example shows how and can chain multiple conditions together.

Short-Circuit Evaluation

Python's and operator uses short-circuit evaluation, meaning if the first condition is False, Python doesn't evaluate the second condition because the result is already determined to be False.

Example: Demonstrating Short-Circuit

def check_first():
    print("First condition evaluated")
    return False

def check_second():
    print("Second condition evaluated")
    return True

# Short-circuit in action
if check_first() and check_second():
    print("Both are True")
else:
    print("At least one is False")

First condition evaluated
At least one is False

Notice that "Second condition evaluated" never prints because check_first() returned False, so Python skipped evaluating check_second(). This optimization improves performance and prevents unnecessary computations.

Example 2: Avoiding Division by Zero

x = 0
y = 10

# Safe division check
if x != 0 and y / x > 2:
    print("y/x is greater than 2")
else:
    print("Cannot divide or condition not met")

Cannot divide or condition not met

The short-circuit evaluation prevents the division by zero error because x != 0 is False, so y / x is never evaluated.

Using and with Boolean Variables

Boolean variables can be combined directly with the and operator without comparison operators.

Example 1: Direct Boolean Check

is_logged_in = True
has_permission = True

if is_logged_in and has_permission:
    print("Access granted")
else:
    print("Access denied")

Access granted

Example 2: Multiple Boolean Flags

a = 10
b = 12
c = 0

if a and b and c:
    print("All numbers have boolean value as True")
else:
    print("At least one number has boolean value as False")

At least one number has boolean value as False

In Python, 0 evaluates to False in boolean context, while non-zero numbers evaluate to True.

Chaining Multiple Conditions

You can chain multiple and operators together to check several conditions at once.

Example 1: Grade Requirements

attendance = 85
homework_score = 90
exam_score = 88

if attendance >= 80 and homework_score >= 85 and exam_score >= 85:
    print("You passed the course with good grades")
else:
    print("Requirements not met")

You passed the course with good grades

Example 2: Password Validation

password = "SecurePass123"

has_upper = any(c.isupper() for c in password)
has_lower = any(c.islower() for c in password)
has_digit = any(c.isdigit() for c in password)
min_length = len(password) >= 8

if has_upper and has_lower and has_digit and min_length:
    print("Password is strong")
else:
    print("Password does not meet requirements")

Password is strong

Example 3: Date Range Validation

year = 2024
month = 6
day = 15

if year > 2000 and month >= 1 and month <= 12 and day >= 1 and day <= 31:
    print("Valid date")
else:
    print("Invalid date")

Valid date

Python 'and' vs Other Languages '&&'

Unlike languages like C, C++, Java, or JavaScript that use && for logical AND, Python uses the keyword and.

Python Syntax:

x = 5
y = 10

if x < y and y < 15:
    print("Both conditions are True")

Other Languages (JavaScript/Java/C++):

// This does NOT work in Python
if (x < y && y < 15) {
    console.log("Both conditions are True");
}

Important: Attempting to use && in Python will result in a SyntaxError. Always use the keyword and in Python.

# This will cause an error
# if x > 0 && y > 0:  # SyntaxError
#     print("Error!")

# Correct Python syntax
if x > 0 and y > 0:
    print("Correct!")

Combining and with or Operator

You can mix and and or operators in the same expression, but remember that and has higher precedence than or. Use parentheses to control evaluation order.

Example 1: Without Parentheses

age = 25
has_ticket = True
is_vip = False

# and has higher precedence than or
if age >= 18 and has_ticket or is_vip:
    print("You can enter")

You can enter

This evaluates as: (age >= 18 and has_ticket) or is_vip

Example 2: With Parentheses for Clarity

score = 75
extra_credit = 10

# Explicit grouping
if (score >= 70 and score < 80) or extra_credit >= 20:
    print("Grade: B")

Grade: B

Example 3: Complex Condition

temperature = 25
is_sunny = True
is_weekend = True

if (temperature > 20 and is_sunny) or is_weekend:
    print("Good day for outdoor activities")

Good day for outdoor activities

Распространенные случаи использования

Случай использования 1: Проверка обязательных полей

username = "alice"
password = "password123"
email = "[email protected]"

if len(username) > 0 and len(password) >= 8 and "@" in email:
    print("Registration successful")
else:
    print("Please check your input")

{'success': True, 'user': {...}}

Случай использования 2: Обработка ошибок

age = 22
citizen = True
registered = True

if age >= 18 and citizen and registered:
    print("You are eligible to vote")
else:
    print("You are not eligible to vote")

Ошибка: Файл 'nonexistent.txt' не найден

Случай использования 3: Управление состоянием игры

purchase_amount = 150
is_member = True
has_coupon = True

if purchase_amount > 100 and (is_member or has_coupon):
    discount = 0.15
    final_price = purchase_amount * (1 - discount)
    print(f"You qualify for 15% discount. Final price: ${final_price}")

True
Игра приостановлена
False
Игра возобновлена
True

Use Case 4: Access Control

user_role = "admin"
is_authenticated = True
session_valid = True

if is_authenticated and session_valid and user_role == "admin":
    print("Access granted to admin panel")
else:
    print("Access denied")

Access granted to admin panel

Use Case 5: Data Validation

data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

if len(data) > 0 and all(isinstance(x, int) for x in data) and min(data) >= 0:
    print("Data is valid")
else:
    print("Invalid data")

Data is valid

Nested Conditions vs and Operator

Using the and operator is often cleaner than nesting multiple if statements.

Nested Approach (Less Readable):

age = 25
income = 50000

if age >= 21:
    if income >= 30000:
        print("Loan approved")
    else:
        print("Insufficient income")
else:
    print("Age requirement not met")

Using and Operator (More Readable):

age = 25
income = 50000

if age >= 21 and income >= 30000:
    print("Loan approved")
else:
    print("Requirements not met")

Loan approved

The second approach using and is more concise and easier to understand.

Распространенные ошибки, которых следует избегать

Ошибка 1: Путаница между "not" и "not in"

# Wrong - SyntaxError
# if x > 0 && y > 0:
#     print("Both positive")

# Correct
if x > 0 and y > 0:
    print("Both positive")

Ошибка 2: Ошибки приоритета операторов

# Ambiguous - may not work as intended
if x > 5 and y > 3 or z < 10:
    print("Condition met")

# Better - use parentheses
if (x > 5 and y > 3) or z < 10:
    print("Condition met")

Ошибка 3: Сравнение с == False

x = 5

# Wrong - doesn't work as expected
# if x == 3 or 5 or 7:  # Always True!

# Correct
if x == 3 or x == 5 or x == 7:
    print("x is 3, 5, or 7")

# Even better - use 'in'
if x in [3, 5, 7]:
    print("x is 3, 5, or 7")

Mistake 4: Not Considering Short-Circuit

# Potentially unsafe
# if len(my_list) > 0 and my_list[0] > 10:  # Error if my_list doesn't exist

# Safe approach
my_list = []
if my_list and len(my_list) > 0 and my_list[0] > 10:
    print("First element is greater than 10")

Лучшие практики

Практика 1: Используйте 'not' для логического отрицания

# Clearer with parentheses
if (age >= 18 and age <= 65) and (has_license or has_permit):
    print("Can drive")

Практика 2: Предпочитайте 'if not variable:' вместо 'if variable == False:'

# Instead of this:
# if user.age >= 18 and user.has_account and user.verified and not user.banned:
#     grant_access()

# Do this:
is_adult = user.age >= 18
has_valid_account = user.has_account and user.verified
not_banned = not user.banned

if is_adult and has_valid_account and not_banned:
    print("Access granted")

Практика 3: Используйте скобки для сложных логических выражений

# Put the most likely to fail condition first
def cheap_check():
    return True

def expensive_operation():
    return True

if cheap_check() and expensive_operation():
    print("Both passed")

Практика 4: Будьте осторожны с приоритетом операторов

# Poor
# if a and b and c:
#     do_something()

# Better
is_authenticated = True
has_permission = True
is_active = True

if is_authenticated and has_permission and is_active:
    print("Action allowed")

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